World Trade Organization Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

World Trade Organization Information - Essay Example The authoritative archives of the WTO investigate this thought and the individual commitments of part nations. From 1947 until Jan. 1, 1995, when the WTO officially appeared, the principle body for settling global exchange debates was worked under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Before World War II the United States had gone into a progression of reciprocal exchange dealings. During the 1920s and 1930s, a progression of protectionist measures, including congressional endorsement of the Smoot-Hawley levy law, hurt global exchange and, specialists state, developed the overall downturn. After the war, the United States and other fare subordinate nations attempted to set up an exchange body corresponding to developing worldwide budgetary foundations, for example, the World Bank. Endeavors to frame a global exchange association foundered, with numerous nations bringing up similar criticisms later leveled against the WTO: dread of lost power. In 1947 in Geneva, be that as it may, 23 countries shaped the GATT. Until 1994, the GATT was the discussion for settling exchange debates and prop elling arranging endeavors. There were eight exchange adjusts 50 years, and they came about, as indicated by the U.S. exchange delegate's office, in a 15-overlap increment in universal trade. Be that as it may, the GATT went under expanding analysis from countries and exporters who said it was excessively awkward and its settlement procedure was too open-finished. Under the GATT framework, the losing gathering could just square a choice. For whatever length of time that nobody did it, the framework worked...but increasingly more began doing it, in 1986, when The Uruguay Round was propelled in Punta del Este, 74 countries went to the meeting. The last understanding, came to in 1994, was intended to diminish taxes and exchange boundaries by 40 percent. It likewise, about 50 years after the thought was suggested, made the WTO to administer worldwide exchange. Activity How and Where World exchange association works in the accompanying capacities: It regulates association exchange understandings, Handles exchange questions. Screens national exchange strategies. Gives specialized help and preparing to creating nations, helps out other worldwide associations.( www.geocities.com/letoconsulting/wto_accession.htm) Fills in as a gathering for exchange dealings. The World Trade Organization is intended to make the principles associated with exchange. These exchanging rules incorporate all nations, not simply the US, and can in this manner be somewhat precarious now and again. The WTO builds up a structure for exchange strategies; it doesn't characterize results (Bagwell &Staiger p80). As should be obvious, the principles of exchanging are essentially set as rules and can't ensure a specific result for every individual understanding between nations. There are five primary standards that the WTO relies upon to work easily every day and they are as per the following: unbiasness, correspondence, enforceable responsibilities, effortlessness, just as security valves. 1. The WTO will make conceivable the suggestion , organization just as activity, and advance the destinations, of this Agreement alongside the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and will likewise give the structure for the usage,

Baba and Mr. Big

Rundown Chapter 1 Jim Anderson and his folks Harold and Mrs. Anderson as of late moved to Kendal from Savanna La Mar where his dad filled in as a specialist. It was during the Christmas get-away that he met three young men in this new Village: Mule, Mongoose and Milo who were turning tops for no particular reason. The young men chuckled at Jim’s feet in light of the fact that dissimilar to them, Jim wore shoes. While Jim was telling the young men of his pastimes like helping the mechanics, (for example, his dad), swimming and aiding the anglers line in their kayaks, the kid who gave off an impression of being the pioneer, Milo, was getting envious. Some time after Jim had acquainted himself with the young men he requested to join their mystery club and was fooled into giving them every one of the 15 of his marbles without being permitted to join the club. The young men who however that it was outlandish, gave Jim a test to get a bird of prey alive so as to join the club. Synopsis Chapter 2 On his way home, Jim thought of his undertaking of getting the falcon. While strolling, he unearthed Baba, an elderly person who communicated in with much everyday language, enjoyed smoking tobacco and lived in an extremely little, scantily outfitted house. He clarified his errand of getting the bird of prey to Baba and Baba later let him know of an arrangement to get the falcon whom he called Mr. Large. As per Baba’s plan, Jim found a calabash gourd with delicate, delicate tissue. He discovered a few plumes around the yard and stuck them in the gourd which he molded to resemble a chicken. At the point when the bird of prey dipped down to get it he would stall out and the falcon would be gotten. Soon thereafter Jim had a fantasy that he was flying behind the falcon towards the mountains however the feathered creature flew through an opening and Jim was closed out. Did this imply the feathered creature would get away from his snare? Synopsis Chapter 3 On the fifth day in the wake of setting the snare Jim got down to business and was scoffed by the young men that he wouldn’t get the fledgling. On the 6th day the bird of prey came and was trapped in Jim’s trap. Jim was reluctant to get the bird of prey from the gourd now and return him to his pen. In a little space of time, a portion of the locals who needed the bird of prey dead came walking up and inquired as to whether they had seen the falcon however they answered no. When Jim and Baba started inspecting the flying creature they understood that it had broken one of its legs; so they breast fed the ird and made a bamboo confine for him and Jim chose to save the bird of prey for himself until he improved. Rundown Chapter 9 Christmas get-away reached a conclusion so Jim needed to come back to class. Accordingly, Baba needed to deal with Mr. Huge while Jim was in school. Baba took M r. Enormous to â€Å"the bush† where Mr. Huge reacted joyfully to his condition. In spite of the fact that his leg was not completely mended, Mr. Large moved from branch to branch and in the end was flying on the harmony. Baba acknowledged Mr. Large believed him and that they currently had a companionship. This made Baba content.

MC Donald USA

Questions: What do the readings intend to me as an official, my supervisory group, and my organization? What openings and difficulties does it recognize for us? What changes in objectives, procedures, strategies, practices, and structure may it point to? What associations would i be able to make to hypothesis/different readings? Answers: Presentation The business recognized and talks about in this is of McDonalds USA. The business had been a market head in burger producing and is the biggest worldwide chain of burgers, starting out of US. In any case, the adjustment in arrangements, business rivalries are focused on the cutting edge showcase rivalries which guarantees that the brand grows up to be the most discovered food brand in the country. The turnaround plans recognized and talked about depend on the reconsidered systems of the business in its serious business condition. The distinguished regions were speed, deftness and brief conveyances to the customers. In the year 1997 the business decentralized its brands activities were intended to have a confined controls and determination of menu in the particular geological areas. The report would assess the utilization of mechanical measures which shows the perceptions from the McDonalds case just as a reaction to the analysts line of arrangement that would concentrate on vital and basic move of the business. MC Donalds Overview The brand of McDonalds is a commonly recognized name among the US residents. The contributions were food which was interesting and caused the brand to go worldwide. Nonetheless, the test was seen when the business volume since the long stretch of October 2013. The operational structure of the business is to such an extent that the stores began to lose the volume and in this manner moved in region explicit decision of menu to upgrade the lost offer in specially made burger with the component of rapid conveyance. This was insufficient so the Vice President needed an adjustment in the speed; dexterity and position to be definitive were the street ahead. The country was then additionally partitioned upon the market lines of 5 unique sections with same number of boss to focus on their separate regions. The thought was to let the dynamic be decentralized and quicker with space for development and zone explicit assistance and conveyance while recognize the dangers and act in like manner to be leader of the contenders (Boje et al, 2005). Future perspectives The techniques applied in 1997 with new locale astute conveyance really didn't produce any profit as far as key achievement of deals development increment. Be that as it may, the confinement of food is a thought that the brand is examining as its reasoning that increasingly more shopper taste explicit conveyances alongside quick effectiveness, the manageability will increment. To be increasingly complex in looks, brand looks, bundling, representative obligation hour apparel are totally expected to get an upgrade (Elangovan et al, 2011). Assessment The McDonalds had been a known brand for its burgers. Its old and all around distinguished brand in the market, in this manner the redo of brand logo, adjustments may influence the buyers improvements. Regardless of whether it would have a positive recognizable proof impact or that view of McDonalds not being the equivalent additional must be seen sooner rather than later. Be that as it may, the systems of confinement has not influenced then deals much as is apparent, along these lines the utilization of progressively limited outlets (2000 all the more all around) would be decided by time alone. In any case, the utilization of low quality nourishment has altogether decreased in the cutting edge long stretches of wellbeing cognizant populace and the analyst proposes the food esteem or the wholesome viewpoint incorporation in the menu would positively affect shoppers. References Boje, D., Driver, M. also, Cai, Y. (2005). Fiction and Humor in Transforming McDonalds Narrative Strategies. Culture and Organization, 11(3), pp.195-208. Elangovan, D., Sundararaj, G., Devadasan, S. what's more, Karuppuswamy, P. (2011). Improvement of advanced flexibly chain hazard the board pilot procedures for accomplishing misfortune decrease in assembling associations. W Jnl of Ent Man and Sust Dev, 6(1/2), pp.39-51. McDonald, D. (2011). Testing Ronald: McDonald versus McDonald's. Diary of Pediatrics and Child Health, 48(2), pp.103-105.

Analysis Of Hospitality Industry In Mauritius - Free Essay Example

2.1 Definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) CSR has been defined as the duty of the organization to respect individuals rights and promote human welfare in its operations (Manakkalathil and Rudolf, 1995; Oppewal et al., 2006). Businesses not only have the economic responsibility of being profitable and the legal responsibility to follow the laws or ground rules that guide their ability to achieve their economic requirements, but they also have ethical responsibilities that include a range of societal norms, or standards (Carroll, 2000). CSR has been around for more than two decades. During the later half of twentieth century there arose the idea of the corporate social contract, which today underlies the CSR concept. Given the sometimes adverse effects of business decision making on society as well as corporate reliance on society, the notion of an implied corporate social contract was conceived by social and economic theorists. This contract spells out societys expectations of business as well as (although much less discussed) businesss expectations of society (Bowie, 1983). There is no single authoritative definition of CSR (ISO COPOLCO, 2002). The CSR agenda seems to be a loosely defined umbrella embracing a vast number of concepts traditionally framed as environmental concerns, public relations, corporate philanthropy, human resource management and community relations. One of the most referred definitions is by World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) (1999) that defines CSR as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the continuing commitment by business to beh ave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at largeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. CSR means being a good steward of societys economic and human resources ( Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2001). In summary, CSR entails the obligation stemming from the implicit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“social contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? between business and society for firms to be responsive to societys long-run needs and wants, optimizing the positive effects and minimizing the negative effects of its actions on society. To synchronize that organizational social responsibility concerns are treated in the same routine manner in which legal, financial, and marketing concerns are addressed, four theories of corporate social responsibility have been advanced in the literature. The four positions are the classical, stakeholder, social demandingness, and social activist theories. The classical theory is the oldest of the four, and is grounded in classical economic theory. Firstly business executives are said to be primarily responsible to the shareholders of the corporation and their primary goal is to promote efficiency and secure effective economic performance. Secondly managers are said to be responsible to respond to the shareholders demands. These views are often thought to coincide with each other, because it is usually assumed that the main demand of shareholders is to maximize economic performance. In addition, both versions agree that managers are to perform their corporate function according to the laws and, thus, to avoid such things as fraud and deception. Friedman (1970), points out à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Here the businessman self-selected or appointed directly or indirectly by stockholders is to be simultaneously legislator, executive, or juristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦He becomes in effect a public employee, a civil servant, even though he remains in name an employee of a private enter prise.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This theory, albeit the oldest of the four theories, is still well and alive; it has many supporters and proponents among academicians and practitioners. The second theory is the stakeholder theory which integrates the main idea of classical theory, that is, corporate executives are responsible to stockholders. Nevertheless, what differs it from classical theory is that other groups are directly affected by the conduct and decision of the firm. These groups can employees, consumers, creditors, suppliers, and legal sub-systems who have a stake in the organisation and who might affect, in one way or another, the corporate decision making process. Furthermore, corporate executives have a direct responsibility to promote the interests of these groups. The main disagreement among stakeholder theorists, however, over whether stakeholder interests of these groups take precedence over the financial interests of stockholders or the stakeholder interests are the overridi ng ones. Social demandingness theorists argue that corporations have a responsibility to protect and promote certain interests of the general public. They agree with the stakeholder theorists that the interests of stakeholder groups are important, but they believe that these interests do not override non-stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interests or demands for such things as safety, health, freedom, and prosperity. As with the stakeholder theory, this theory repudiates the notion that there is some balanced or sensible list of tangible responsibilities that corporate executives always have toward society. The list varies as the nature and ranking of the interests or demands of the public change. The fourth and final theory is the social activist theory which is distinctively the most socially and morally demanding of the four theories. While agreeing with the stakeholders and social demandingness theories that executives have responsibilities toward stakeholders groups and the general public, social activistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ theorists argue that corporate managers should sometimes strive to undertake projects that advance the interests of the public even when these undertakings are neither expected nor demanded by them. Social activists theorists contend that such projects should, for the most part, be in the area of corporate know-how, but they sometimes urge that executives deliberately take on social projects for which they have no special training or expertise 2.1 Types of CSR and Corporate Governance The notion that business has duties to society is firmly entrenched, although in the past several decades there has been a revolution in the way people view the relationship between business and society. Carroll (1979) and other researchers believe that we should judge corporations not just on their economic success, but also on non-economic criteria. Carroll (1979) proposed a popular four-part definition of CSR, suggesting that corporations have four responsibilities or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“four facesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Carroll, 2000b, p. 187) to fulfill to be good corporate citizens: economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic: Economic responsibility. Economic responsibility is to be profitable for principals, by delivering a good quality product, at a fair price, is due to customers. Legal responsibilities. Legal duties entail complying with the law and playing by the rules of the game Ethical responsibilities. Ethical duties overcome the limitations of legal duties. They entail b eing moral, doing what is right, just, and fair; respecting peoples moral rights; and avoiding harm or social injury as well as preventing harm caused by others (Smith and Quelch, 1993). Philanthropic responsibility. Interest in doing good for society, regardless of its impact on the bottom line is what is called altruistic, humanitarian or philanthropic CSR. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“giving backà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? time and money in the forms of voluntary service, voluntary association and voluntary giving à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is where most of the controversy over the legitimacy of CSR lies. CORPORATE GOUVERNANCE (CG) Moreover, CSR is closely linked with the Corporate Governance of the organization, be it hotel organization. Any of those types of CSR should start in the hotel organizations first and then move to external environment. The key people should be taken into consideration so the CSR practices should be geared towards the internal customers who will in turn become CSR delegates to reach the external customers and environment. Companies must improve their business models by bringing CSR and sustainability into their strategy. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) define CG as the ways in which suppliers of finance to organisations assure themselves of getting a return on investment. Over the years, CG has evolved from the traditional à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“profit-centered modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. By incorporating the community in which firms operate, the political environment, laws and regulations, and more generally the markets in which firms are involved. See Figure 1: The Business in Society which reflec ts a stakeholder perspective on the firm (Jensen, 2001) 2.1The Hospitality Industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Definitions Definitions of the hospitality have been approached from a number of different perspectives. Most of them combine physiological and psychological elements with security and levels of service. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hospitality is concerned with the provision of physiological and psychological comfort with defined levels of service. The satisfactions may be physiological (thirst, bed, warmth), economic (value for money), social (company, service) and psychological (self-esteem, status, security).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Source: C.Cooper, R.Shepherd, J. Westlake (1994) Even if the approach to defining hospitality may shift according to the authors, there are a number of integral elements that are common to all. These are: Hospitality is a complex combination of tangible and intangible features and benefits Hospitality involves a satisfying interaction between the service provider and the customer Hospitality provides guests with security, psychological and physiological comfort by offering food, beverage and accommodation. Therefore, bearing in mind the above characteristics, a simpler definition of the hospitality industry may be: The Hospitality Industry is involved with providing accommodations, food, beverage, entertainment, comfort and recreation for travelers away from their usual residences and normal surroundings. The industry also naturally look forward to meet the customer`s needs for safety and support of their persons, property, modes of transportation, and even the varying purpose of their travel. Speaking generally, those who make use of hospitality services demand attainment of a professional level of quality consistent with world standards, although perhaps adjusted for local conditions. They anticipate the facilities will be clean, comfortable, safe and secure. They expect good food and beverage at a reasonable rate. Furthermore, they look for courtesy, friendliness, respect and identification from the host. Perhaps more importantly they demand honesty, truth and equity in t heir dealings with the operator and his employees. Hospitality Industry In Mauritius HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In Mauritius, the first hotel was the Park Hotel in 1952 so as to accommodate the crew members coming at that time. Then came the Mauritius Hotel, the first beach hotel, built in 1954 at Le Morne followed by Le Chaland, another beach hotel in 1961. But the real development of tourism took place soon after Mauritius got its independence from the British. In early 1970`s the creation of Trou aux Biches Hotel by the Mauritius Hotels, the setting up of the Club MeditÃÆ' ©ranÃÆ' ©e and the Saint GÃÆ' ©ran Hotel by the Southern Sun Hotels as well as the Merville Beach Hotel by the ex-British Colons who wanted to come back here during the winter months of England. The Mauritius Hotel is now the Beachcomber group and the Southern Sun Hotels is the Sun International Resorts Limited. At present there are 95 hotels in Mauritius and there are not less than 5 more under construction as per the registered list set by the Ministry of Tourism. The numbers of hotels, rooms and bed place s have increased constantly from 1991. Moreover the Prime Minister has announced his vision to reach 2 million tourists in 2015. Consequently an average annual growth of 10% in tourist arrival is expected. In order to reach this target, an approximate number of 18500 rooms should be made available. This will bring about the creation of around 37000 direct jobs and double the amount in terms of indirect jobs. Due to the rapid growth of tourism and hospitality industry, government has introduced incentives for the private sector to bring in a sustainable development, namely by corporate governance and corporate social responsibility. This is achievable through proper public-private sector partnership. Overview of the Hotel industry IN MAURITIUS The hospitality industry in Mauritius has developed rapidly during the past 25 years. The coastal regions as well as the interior part of the island are constantly changing with the construction of the hotels and the increasing number of vehicles being used for the tourism industry. In 2007, the tourism industry was considered the third pillar of the economy after Sugar and Textile, and currently it plays a vital role in the economic growth of the country. The undoubted fall of 35% in the price of sugar and the removal of preference agreement with the EU market, has earmarked the tourism industry as the main industry capable of boosting the Mauritian economy. In July 2008, according to the last bulletin published by the Central Statistical Office (CSO), Mauritius welcomed 81,169 tourists as compared to 77,225 in 2007, registering a 5.1% growth over the same period a year ago. Table 1: Monthly tourist arrivals, July 2007 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" July 2008 Source:Tourism sector performance for the month of July, AHRIM Report, August 2008, pg 2 But after two decades of impressive growth, the need for responsible corporate governance has been felt in the country as the attitudes; mentality and knowledge of thos e working in that industry have not evolved at the same pace in terms of social responsibility and environmental awareness. Impacts of this rapid and somehow unplanned development are being experienced in the environment at large. Still, a lot has to be done to meet the competitive edge through proper campaign and involvement of all stakeholders so as to contribute towards sustainable development of the hospitality sector. In order to support its continuous growth, the Mauritian Tourism and Hospitality industry needs well-trained staff with full knowledge of their product while respecting the socio-economic and cultural environment in which the Mauritian tourism product is evolving. It is really important to maintain a high standard of efficiency and service so as to meet the requirements of an increasingly competitive and sophisticated global market. 2.7 CSR in the hotel industry In Mauritius Within the hospitality industry it has been agreed that there are increasing environmental and societal concerns. The big question is how to manage our environmental impact as demand grows against a backdrop of increasing vulnerability. As a result of demand for more sustainable destinations and travel preferences, management policies are being felt. Hotels practicing CSR look at the following areas: Workplace (where employees are treated equally and fairly) Marketplace (stakeholders) Environment (which has to be sustained for the future generation) Community Ethics Human rights Many hotels are now aware of CSR practices and have begun to use environmental-friendly products. Hotels in Mauritius are reducing the use of hazardous or non-degradable chemicals. Big hotel chains like Oberoi Mauritius recycle oil, water and plastic bottles while all hotels with more than 50 rooms are compel to recycle water as per the legislation. Hotels tend to purchase products t hat have a reduced environmental impact during their life cycle, from suppliers that demonstrate environmental and social responsibility to their customers and the society. Furthermore, Association des Hoteliers et Restaurateurs de L`Ile Maurice (AHRIM), is fully supporting the CSR initiatives initiated by the Mauritian Government. Through its members, they are actively putting forward the CSR activities on a regional basis all over the island. (See Appendix 1: Recommended CSR activities by AHRIM to its Members in June 2008). Stakeholders (employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, business partners, government) are getting more and more involved the hotelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ CSR activities. Hotel employees are educated to make a conscious decision in favour of environment and social issues in their private and business lives. Hotel guests are informed about CSR activities and are asked to participate in responsible business activities within the hotels and to work together to find innovative solutions that satisfy the hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic, environmental and social objectives. Managers are asked to abide by local and EU legislation especially on labour laws, health and safety, human rights and the environment. A great deal can be done when developing a hotel property in order to make both the development process and the eventual operation more environmentally sustainable. One of the aims of CSR is to make the community benefit from the hotel industry. 2.8 Benefits of CSR in the hotel industry Hotels who adopt CSR into their operations and public image depend on the following factors: Size Level of diversification Research and Development Advertising Government Intervention Consumer Income Labour market conditions Stage of the industry life cycle However this differs for different hotel organization, for example, larger hotels like international hotel chains may operate a CSR program at a lower cost than a small hotel because of economies of scale. It is a method for organization to distinguish themselves from their competitors Firstly, hotels benefit from CSR as it helps to reduce operating cost such as implementing of recycling and energy saving programs. Secondly, their brand image and reputation are enhanced as consumers prefer companies with CSR programs. Another benefit derived by hotels is in terms of productivity and quality since productivity goes up whenever working conditions improve. Other beneficiaries of the CSR programs are immediate environment in which the company is evolving. It comprises of the local community, neighboring villages, employees who usually live in those areas, the hotel guests and the host country at large. Hotels are expected to have ethical and social commitments, valued connections with partners and consistency over time to build trust with the stakeholders. In doing so, the hotel organizations are also developing societal marketing concept, therefore beneficiate from it.

The Philippine Health Care Delivery System - 1418 Words

THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM HEALTH CARE SYSTEM * an organized plan of health services (Miller-Keane, 1987) HEALTH CARE DELIVERY * rendering health care services to the people (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981). HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981) * the network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering health care to the people. PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM * is a complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services (Dizon, 1977). COMPONENTS OF THE HEALTH DELIVERY SYSTEM The Department of Health Mandate: The Department of Health shall be responsible for the following: formulation and development of national health policies, guidelines,†¦show more content†¦* Medical practitioners, nurses and midwives. C. FIRST LINE HOSPITAL PERSONNEL * provide back up health services for cases that require hospitalization * establish close contact with intermediate level health workers or village health workers. * Physicians with specialty, nurses, dentist, pharmacists, other health professionals. TWO-WAY REFERRAL SYSTEM (Niace, et. al. 8th edition 1995) A two-way referral system need to be established between each level of health facility e.g. barangay health workers refer cases to the rural health team, who in turn refer more serious cases to either the district hospital, then to the provincial, regional or the whole health care system. Public P Barangay Health O Health Worker Nurse 2nd 3rd P H F H F U E A E A L Barangay RHU A C A C A Health Midwife Physician L I L I T Stations T L T L I H I H I O T T N RHS Sanitary Y Y Midwife Inspector MULTISECTORAL APPROACH TO HEALTH (NLGNI, 8th edition, 1995) The level of health of a community is largely the result of a combination of factors. 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Dumping Unsellable Products to the Third World free essay sample

While Americans might grumble about the lengthy advertisements at their local cineplex, most would also contend that mass commercialization poses less more of an annoyance than an actual threat to those who live in developed countries. However, as commercialization infiltrates every aspect of our society, Americans find themselves in the middle of a moral dilemma: should everything have a price? Are certain things, like health care, basic human rights that should never come with a price tag attached? More specifically, should blood be treated as a commodity? A closer look at the differences between the British and American blood marketing systems demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of each. The British maintain an adequate blood supply by relying wholly on voluntary donations. Because of the necessity of blood for survival, the British have resisted placing monetary value on that which has been freely given. The American system, in contrast, relies both on voluntary donation and a commercial system in which blood â€Å"is bought and sold like any other commodity† (Shaw, 2005, p. 75). Economist Richard Titmuss evaluated both systems and concluded that the British system is superior in terms of both â€Å"economic and administrative efficiency† (Shaw, p. 75). The American system suffers from high costs, frequent shortages, and an inequitable burden placed on those whose health conditions require frequent transfusions. Additionally, when blood becomes a commodity, the purity of the supply often suffers as unscrupulous suppliers rush to market blood that has been inadequately screened. When blood offers no potential profits, screeners are motivated to value the quality of the supply rather than the quantity. Some might argue that the American health care system operates on a for-profit basis, and the blood supply should be treated no differently. Prescription drugs, physician consults, and hospital stays all come with a price tag. Why should blood be free? The simple answer is that blood can be freely given. The donor loses nothing but his time and a pint of blood that is quickly replenished in a healthy body. Medicine requires costly research and development, and physicians undergo rigorous and expensive training before they are able to earn money as practicing professionals. Hospitals must pay for equipment and the salaries and benefits of their employees. Each of these components adds to the cost that the consumer assumes when he or she receives medical care. Some would further argue that if blood is offered for free, donation would cease. Those who have been compensated for donating blood in the past would refuse to continue doing so in the absence of a monetary reward. Again, the British system tells a different story. Philosopher Peter Singer explored the motives of those who donated blood in the British system. He found that because blood had no price, the donors had the opportunity to behave altruistically. As Singer noted, â€Å"when blood is a commodity, and can be purchased if it is not given, altruism becomes unnecessary, and so loosens the bonds that can otherwise exist between strangers in a community† (Shaw, 2005, p. 76). Additionally, the United States’ system currently draws approximately 40% of its supply from donation. Even if donors stopped receiving compensation for their blood, one could assume that at least some percentage of the paid donors would continue donating for free because blood donation has simply become ingrained in their lifestyle. Those who posit that people would stop donating blood if they were no longer compensated accept the psychological egoism theory of ethics which holds that â€Å"self-interest is the only thing that ever motivates anyone† (Shaw, 2005, p. 45). Proponents of psychological egoism contend that people are naturally selfish, and as a result, even seemingly altruistic acts are rooted in a selfish motive. Those who believe in this normative theory of ethics would point out that although Britons who donate blood are not compensated, the self-satisfaction that stems from the altruistic action is their reward. However, deeper reflection reveals that the benefits of behaving altruistically do not adequately compensate the donor for his or her loss of time and the sometimes painful needle insertion requisite to blood donation. A proponent of psychological egoism might then assert that the donors give their blood because they believe that in doing so that are accruing â€Å"points† that will put them at the front of the line should they ever need blood. However, the British system eliminates such favoritism outright by ensuring that â€Å"donors gain no preference over nondonors† (Shaw, p. 5). Another normative theory of ethics contends that people â€Å"should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions† (Shaw, 2005, p. 46). Utilitarians equate goodness with happiness and pleasure and use both as a way to measure the success of the outcome. Because of the subjective nature of happiness and pleasure, some utili tarians assert that a desirable outcome can also be measured in terms of â€Å"the satisfaction of people’s desires or preferences† (Shaw, p. 7). Ultimately, utilitarianism asks its adherents to make moral judgments based on the choice which will maximize favorable outcomes for all those affected by the decision. Using utilitarianism as a guide, one can assert that the British system of maintaining its blood supply prevails over the American system for several reasons. Primarily, the British system eliminates the shortages that the American system frequently experiences. Because the British system offers no possibility of compensation for blood donation, it eliminates the flaw in the American system that prevents some donors from giving blood because they know that others are being compensated for performing the same act. Additionally, the utilitarian theory supports the British system because no one benefits from contaminated blood. In the pursuit of benefiting the largest number of people, the British system offers the better alternative. Research shows that a system of paid donors inevitably leads to greater instances of blood contamination (Shaw, 2005). If suppliers seek to increase profits by eliminating the screening process in their rush to market, contaminated blood finds its way into the supply far more frequently. By removing the profit motive, suppliers have no reason to eliminate the screening process. Some segments of the population require more frequent transfusions due to medical conditions. Often these medical conditions are congenital and not the result of lifestyle choices. By putting a price on blood, the United States’ system unfairly burdens those who have such conditions. The utilitarian theory again supports the more equitable British system which offers blood to anyone who needs it because it allows the most people to benefit. America prides itself on its history of free market capitalism. Consumers understand that when they want to purchase an item they must find the means to pay for it or qualify for the credit necessary to make the purchase. Americans generally accept that certain inequities exist in such a system where some consumers can afford expensive, top-of-the-line merchandise while others must settle for products of lower quality. Proponents of capitalism argue that such inequalities are a necessary consequence of living in a free market economy where goods and services abound. However, even the strongest supporters of capitalism struggle with the inequality of health care in the American system. Once again, the utilitarian theory favors the British system where those who need blood donations are all given equal access to the supply, regardless of their ability to pay. Because the British system allows the most people to benefit, it supports the utilitarian ideal. The utilitarian theory of ethics is not without its detractors. Some criticize that attempting to measure such subjective qualities as happiness and pleasure unnecessarily complicates the theory. Certainly such measurements pose a challenge, but the more quantifiable calculations of cost and efficiency used in comparing the British and American blood supply systems lend themselves to utilitarian analysis. Additionally, some theorize that even if happiness and pleasure can be measured, truly utilitarian analysis requires speculation about the potential outcome of any given choice. Since those analyzing the situation could easily err in their prediction of outcomes, the analysis itself offers little benefit. In the particular case of comparing two systems of blood supplies, analysts must assume that if the American system copied the British system, the resulting outcome would be the same for both systems. The similar outcome might or might not occur, but at this point the analysis seems to lean in favor of introducing an entirely donor-based system in the United States. As denizens of the world’s strongest economy, Americans have become accustomed to the prevalence of mass commercialization in their lives. For most, the benefits of choice and availability counteract the annoyance of intrusive advertising. However, when it comes to the blood supply, a comparison in the American and British systems reveals many advantages to preventing blood from becoming just another commodity. References Shaw, W. H. (2008). Business Ethics (6th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Great Topics For An Argumentative Essay

Great Topics For An Argumentative EssayThere are many good topics for an argumentative essay. The decision of what to write is often made with little or no guidance at all. There are also several ways of writing a persuasive essay that can be used with some success. In this article, I will cover a few of the most popular topics for argumentative essays that will help you in the writing process.First, let's take a look at the topic of patriotism. One of the easiest argumentative topics is patriotism. There are many reasons for this, including patriotic pride, nationalism, pride in one's culture and nation, and patriotism itself. Many times a good way to make this argumentative essay work is to write about a past event or present day events in which one has a strong opinion about. Some good examples include things like abortion, child abuse, gay marriage, etc.However, it is not always necessary to provide your own personal beliefs as the base for the argument. The audience is more like ly to accept a generalization than an individual belief. For example, if one is discussing a political party in America, one might say that they are bigoted when they do not agree with someone in the party.Another example is religion. For example, many people hold some sort of religious views, which is why many types of essays are available. For example, there are essays on how religion affects politics, politics impacts religion, and other similar topics. All of these topics fall under the umbrella of an argumentative essay, so all of these are good topics for an argumentative essay.Topics such as pornography, gun control, and sports usually are topics that many people are passionate about. If one knows how to use them to their advantage, this is often a good argumentative essay topic. Arguments are likely to be easier to make if one knows the specific points to make.The choice of topic will often be determined by a particular point of view. If one's views are strongly against some thing, it is often possible to write about it and paint a strong picture of the situation. Conversely, if one is a strong supporter of something, it is generally a good idea to remain neutral. This will minimize the amount of arguing necessary.It is also important to choose a topic that one likes. When choosing a topic, it is important to consider whether or not the topic will be interesting. If it is not interesting, it is not worth writing about.As you can see, writing an argumentative essay can be a challenge, but it is worth it in the end. Using some of the above topics as examples, one can use arguments and argumentation in a number of different situations.